How Did The Market Revolution Spark Social Change

The Market Revolution

The Market Revolution of the nineteenth century radically shifted commerce as well as the fashion of life for nigh Americans.

Learning Objectives

Summarize the primal technological, political, and geographic factors that contributed to the Market Revolution in the The states

Key Takeaways

Cardinal Points

• The Market Revolution was characterized by a shift away from local or regional markets to national markets.
• The agricultural explosion in the South and West and the textile blast in the North strengthened the economy in complementary ways.
• Eli Whitney 's cotton gin and pioneering piece of work with metallic mechanical parts contributed greatly to industrialization.
• Large-calibration domestic manufacturing, full-bodied in the N, decreased dependence on foreign imports and resulted in an increase in wage labor.
• The ability of the federal government grew under Henry Dirt 'due south American Arrangement, which led to many improvements in the form of expanded roadways and culvert systems.
• The rapid development and westward expansion during the Market Revolution resulted in land speculation which caused economic boom and bosom.

Primal Terms

• wage labor: The socioeconomic relationship betwixt a worker and an employer, in which the worker sells his labor under a formal or informal employment contract.
• American System: A prepare of manufacturing methods that evolved in the nineteenth century, characterized by a system for making interchangeable parts and a loftier degree of mechanization that results in a more efficient use of labor compared to hand methods.
• Eli Whitney: An American inventor all-time known for inventing the cotton fiber gin.

Introduction: The Market Revolution

The Market Revolution (1793–1909) in the United States was a drastic modify in the manual-labor organization originating in the South (and shortly moving to the North) and afterwards spreading to the entire world. Traditional commerce was fabricated obsolete by improvements in transportation, communication, and industry. With the growth of large-calibration domestic manufacturing, trade within the United states increased, and dependence on foreign imports declined. The dramatic changes in labor and product at this time included a great increase in wage labor. The agricultural explosion in the South and West and the textile smash in the Due north strengthened the economy in complementary ways.

The Southward and the Cotton Gin

Commercial agriculture and domestic manufacturing became crucial sectors of the American economy. In 1793, Eli Whitney'southward cotton fiber gin revolutionized the cotton wool industry in the South. The cotton gin (brusque for cotton engine) was a machine that quickly and hands separated cotton fibers from their seeds, a chore that otherwise had to be performed painstakingly past hand, well-nigh oftentimes by slaves. Whitney went on to develop muskets with interchangeable parts, a engineering employed past northern manufacturers in many dissimilar industries.

Eli Whitney on U.S. postage issue of 1940: Eli Whitney's crucial contributions to the Market Revolution created a lasting legacy.

Advancements in the West

Many new products revolutionized agriculture in the Westward as well. John Deere, for example, invented a horse-pulled steel plow to replace the difficult oxen-driven wooden plows that farmers had used for centuries. The steel plow immune farmers to till soil faster and more cheaply without having to make repairs as often. In the 1830s, Cyrus McCormick's mechanical mower-reaper quintupled the efficiency of wheat farming. Simply as southern farmers had prospered afterward the invention of the cotton fiber gin, farmers in the W raked in huge profits as they conquered more lands from the American Indians to plant more and more wheat. For the beginning time, farmers began producing more wheat than the Due west could consume. Rather than let it go to waste, they began to ship crop surpluses to sell in the manufacturing Northeast.

The American System

The importance of the federal authorities also grew during this period. Congressman Henry Clay introduced the American System to develop internal improvements, protect U.South. manufacture through tariffs, and create a national bank. Federal and local governments, as well as private individuals, invested in roads, canals, and railroads. The 1825 completion of the Erie Culvert was a tremendous engineering feat and opened the West for trade with markets on the e declension.

Highways of the United States, ca. 1825: Turnpikes, canals, and rail lines drastically inverse America's landscape, beginning in the 1800s.

Post-obit the War of 1812, the American economy was altered from an economy partly dependent on imports from Europe to an empire of internal commerce. With a new generation of leaders, the Republican Political party came to comprehend the principles of government activism and the evolution of large-scale domestic manufacturing.

Westward invasion into American Indian territory relegated rich new farmlands to the United States. This period of rapid development in the East and expansion in the Due west produced a wave of land speculation that resulted in economical periods of blast and bosom. These periods were characterized by patterns of high market prices followed by ruinously low prices, falling production, and bankruptcies by producers.

Transportation: Roads, Canals, and Railroads

In the nineteenth century, the construction of roads, rails, and canals dramatically improved national mobility.

Learning Objectives

Draw the revolution in transportation in the nineteenth century and its contribution to economic growth

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• During the beginning quarter of the nineteenth century, the federal authorities, state governments, and private investors directed significant resource to the transportation sector.
• The National Road, or Cumberland Route, was the first highway built by the federal government.
• The development of the Erie Culvert, extending from New York Country to the Great Lakes, cut the costs of freight transport by 95 percent and contributed greatly to the wealth and stature of New York Urban center.
• Though canals offered tremendous advantages over country shipment, they could not compete with the efficiency and flexibility of the railroad.
• The most prominent early railroad was the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O), which linked the port of Baltimore to the Ohio River and offered rider and freight service every bit of 1830.
• With improved methods of transportation came the concept of Manifest Destiny; land developers, railroad magnates, and other investors capitalized on w settlement into American Indian land.

Fundamental Terms

• Erie Culvert: The 363 mile-long canal from the Bully Lake of the same proper noun to the Hudson River.
• Baltimore and Ohio Railroad: Ane of the oldest rail lines in the United States and the first mutual carrier rails line.
• National Road: The first major improved highway in the United states to be built by the federal government.

Advances in Transportation

In the late eighteenth century, the U.S. population was centered on the Atlantic declension, with all major population centers located on natural harbors or navigable waterways. H2o and river transportation were fundamental to the national economy, while most overland transportation was past horse, which made information technology hard to move large quantities of goods. By 1803, the land was growing chop-chop with the admission of Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio; nonetheless, the only ways of transportation between these landlocked western states and their coastal neighbors was past foot, pack animal, or send.

During the nineteenth century, transportation routes and means of ship underwent dramatic changes, greatly increasing national mobility. New and improved transportation engineering fabricated information technology easier and faster to send goods: first national roads, then canals, and finally the railroad revolution.

Roads

In eighteenth-century America, roads were privately built, and the regime played little part in their construction. Early on toll roads were constructed and owned by joint-stock companies that sold stock to enhance construction uppercase. Every bit the nation expanded, however, the government came to see the transportation network as a public good worthy of regime back up.

In 1808, a government-sponsored Written report on the Subject of Public Roads and Canals suggested that the federal government should fund the structure of interstate turnpikes and canals. The proffer was controversial: Anti-Federalists opposed expanding regime power, just many others were persuaded by the compelling need for overland roads for military operations as well equally for general commerce. Following the report, work began on a National Road to connect the west to the eastern seaboard. In 1815, construction on the National Road (also known as the "Cumberland Route") began in Cumberland, Maryland; by 1818, the route had reached Wheeling, West Virginia (so part of Virginia). Though political strife ultimately prevented its western accelerate to the Mississippi River, this route became the gateway for thousands of due west-bound antebellum settlers.

Canals

In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, economical expansion spurred the building of canals to speed appurtenances to market. Among the most important of these canals was the Erie Canal. First proposed in 1807, the Erie Canal waterway was synthetic from 1817 to 1825 and was the kickoff transportation arrangement betwixt New York City and the western interior of the United States. Extending from Albany, New York, on the Hudson River to Buffalo, New York, the canal cut transport costs by about 95 percent.

The Erie Canal made an immense contribution to the wealth and importance of New York City, which became the chief U.Due south. port, and information technology fostered a population surge in western New York State. It also served to increase merchandise throughout the nation by opening eastern and overseas markets to midwestern subcontract products, and information technology opened regions farther westward to settlement. The success of the Erie Culvert led to a proliferation of smaller canal routes in the region.

Contour of the thou Erie Culvert: This is an 1832 contour of the Erie Canal, connecting New York City to the Western Interior of the U.S.

The Illinois and Michigan Canal was built in 1848 to connect the Groovy Lakes to the Mississippi River and the Gulf of Mexico. Information technology helped establish Chicago equally the transportation hub of the United States. About of the canal work was done past Irish gaelic immigrants who had previously worked on the Erie Culvert. Towns were planned out forth the path of the canal, spaced at intervals corresponding to the length that the mules could booty the barges. From 1848 to 1852, the culvert was a popular passenger route, but this concluded in 1853 with the opening of the Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific Railroad that ran parallel to the canal. Today, much of the canal is a long, thin park with boating and a 62.5-mile hiking and biking trail (constructed on the alignment of the mule tow paths).

Locktender'southward Firm on the Illinois and Michigan Canal: Lock No. 8 and Locktender's House, Illinois and Michigan Canal just due west of Aux Sable Creek, nearly Morris, Illinois. The Illinois and Michigan Canal was an important canal in the nineteenth century, merely was rendered obsolete when new railroads replaced information technology.

Railroads

Canals radically improved transportation, but their reign was short-lived. By the mid-nineteenth century, the culvert nail was brought to a sudden end by the rapid expansion of railroads. Railroads provided a quick, scheduled, and twelvemonth-round fashion of transportation. Railroads were superior to water routes in that they provided a safer, less hazardous mode of transport.

Beginning in 1826, several states chartered railroads, including Massachusetts, New York, South Carolina, and Pennsylvania. The most prominent early railroad was the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad (B&O), which linked the port of Baltimore to the Ohio River and offered passenger and freight service as of 1830.

Celebration of completion of the Transcontinental Railroad on May 10, 1869: Railroads came to play a major role in due west expansion in the tardily nineteenth century.

Upshot on American Indians

Improved transportation increased the The states' potential to aggrandize its borders due west. While much of the basis for due west expansion was economic, there was too another reason, which was jump upwards in the American belief that the land, and the American Indian "heathens" who populated it, were destined to come nether the civilizing rule of Euro-American settlers and their superior technology, virtually notably railroads and the telegraph. While it's unclear whether that belief was a heartfelt motivation held by most Americans or simply a rationalization of the conquests that followed, the clashes—both physical and cultural—that resulted from this western migration left scars on the country that still are felt today.

The concept of "Manifest Destiny" found its roots in the long-standing traditions of territorial expansion upon which the nation itself was founded. Land developers, railroad magnates, and other investors capitalized on westward settlement into American Indian land. The Pacific Railway Act of 1862 was pivotal in helping settlers move west more quickly. Other railway initiatives would follow, subsequently creating a network linking all corners of the nation.

Factories, Working Women, and Wage Labor

Industrialization in the U.s. was marked past a growth in factories and an implementation of wage labor, as well equally by an increase in the number of working women and deskilled workers.

Learning Objectives

Draw the early years of industrialization in the American Northeast

Key Takeaways

Key Points

• Beginning with the textile industry, wage labor began to replace family unit labor and apprenticeship equally the dominant course of labor in the United States.
• Francis Cabot Lowell's Boston Manufacturing Company popularized reliance on wage labor, which involves a laborer selling his or her labor to an employer under contract. The Boston Manufacturing Company became the leading fabric manufacturer in the United States and pioneered the Waltham-Lowell System.
• Young women were the primary labor force in the textile industry, though children oft were employed in mills, too.
• In the 1830s, the Lowell Mill Girls organized strikes to protest wage reductions; these women were some of the earliest examples of labor- reform movements.

Key Terms

• Deskilling: The process by which skilled labor within an industry or economy is eliminated by the introduction of technologies operated by semiskilled or unskilled workers.
• wage labor: The socioeconomic relationship between a worker and an employer, in which the worker sells his or her labor nether a formal or breezy employment contract.
• Waltham-Lowell System: A labor and production model employed in the U.s., especially in New England, during the early years of the American textile industry in the early nineteenth century.

Industrialization in the Northeast

Equally the nation deepened its technological base, artisans and craftsmen were made obsolete through the procedure of deskilling, as they were replaced by non-specialized workers. These workers used machines to replicate in minutes or hours work that would require a skilled worker days to complete. Every bit New England 's material industry took off, mill villages quickly grew into large factory towns, attracting rural workers from the surrounding countryside. The many children employed in early factories were paid very depression wages because they were seen to be supplementing family unit income.

The Rise of the Textile Industry

At the beginning of the Industrial Revolution, the textile industry was rife with potential for mechanization. Prior to this period, textile product was traditionally performed at dwelling house; however, at the first of the nineteenth century, the work was mechanized and increasingly washed on an industrial scale.

Slater'south Factory

In the late eighteenth century, the English textile industry had adopted technological innovations that greatly improved the efficiency and quality of fabric manufacture: the spinning jenny, water frame, and spinning mule. Still, these technologies were closely guarded past the British government. In 1789, Samuel Slater, an apprentice in ane of the largest textile factories in England, defied British laws against the emigration of skilled laborers and smuggled his knowledge of textile mechanism to the United States. In 1793, he established a cotton-spinning mill with a fully mechanized h2o-power organisation at the Slater Mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Isle. Slater'south Manufactory was established in the Blackstone Valley, which became one of the primeval industrialized regions in the United States. At its height, more than ane,000 mills operated in this valley. Slater went on to build several more cotton fiber and wool mills throughout New England.

Lowell'due south Factories

Slater's mills ran on a business concern model chosen the "Rhode Island System." In this model, manufacturing plant villages employed all members of a family. By the 1820s, this system began to be replaced past a more efficient system based upon the ideas of Francis Cabot Lowell, an American businessman who was instrumental in bringing the Industrial Revolution to the United States. Lowell's Boston Manufacturing Company dominated the textile industry in the United States in the 1820s, developing efficient and novel systems of labor and product.

Lowell, a Massachusetts merchant, was permitted to tour British textile factories in 1810. He memorized the pattern of cloth machines, and on his return to the United States, he established the Boston Manufacturing Company. In the "Waltham-Lowell System," for the first time, both spinning and weaving occurred on site, and mill workers resided in commonage visitor housing under strict supervision. Post-obit his death in 1817, Lowell's associates built America's outset planned factory town: the eponymous Lowell, Massachusetts.

"Lowell Mill Girls," ca. 1870: 2 women mill workers known equally "Lowell Manufacturing plant Girls."

Wage Labor and Factory Weather condition

Lowell popularized the use of the wage labor, a system in which a worker sells his or her labor to an employer under contract. Wage labor displaced reliance on apprenticeship and family labor. Jeffersonian agrarians viewed wage labor as a negative force in society, arguing that the economy of the U.s.a. should exist built upon agriculture rather than on industry. Jefferson reasoned that the growth of a class of wage laborers would decrease self-sufficiency in America.

Lowell's factory employed young female workers, some every bit young equally x years old. These workers were typically hired for contracts of one year. Though considered an comeback on the squalid weather condition of mill towns in the U.k., conditions in the Lowell mills were severe by modern American standards. Factories were crowded and extremely loud with poor air quality and little to no ventilation. Employees worked from 5:00 a.m. until 7:00 p.thousand., for as many as fourscore hours per week. This model became known as the "Waltham-Lowell System."

The monotony of repetitive tasks made days especially long. In the wintertime, when the sunday fix early, oil lamps were used to light the factory flooring, and employees strained their eyes to meet their work and coughed as the rooms filled with smoke from the lamps. Some factories did not permit employees to sit down downward. Doors and windows were kept airtight, especially in fabric factories where fibers could be easily disturbed by incoming breezes, and mills were often unbearably hot and boiling in the summertime. In the winter, workers often shivered in the cold. In such environments, workers' wellness suffered.

The workplace posed other dangers every bit well. The presence of cotton fiber bales alongside the oil used to lubricate machines made fire a common trouble in textile factories. Workplace injuries were also common. Workers' easily and fingers were maimed or severed when they were caught in machines; in some cases, limbs or entire bodies were crushed. Workers who didn't die from such injuries about certainly lost their jobs, and with them, their income. Corporal penalisation of both children and adults was mutual in factories; where abuse was most extreme, children sometimes died every bit a upshot of injuries suffered at the hands of an overseer.

Equally the decades passed, working conditions deteriorated in many mills. Workers were assigned more than machines to tend, and the owners increased the speed at which the machines operated. Wages were cutting in many factories, and employees who had in one case labored for an hourly wage now found themselves reduced to piecework, paid for the amount they produced and not for the hours they toiled. Owners also reduced compensation for piecework. Low wages combined with regular periods of unemployment made the lives of workers difficult, particularly for those individuals with families to support. In New York City in 1850, for instance, the average male person worker earned $300 a twelvemonth; it toll approximately $600 a yr to back up a family of 5.

Early on Labor Reform Movements

The long hours, strict discipline, and low wages soon led workers to organize to protest their working conditions and pay. In 1821, the young women employed by the Boston Manufacturing Company in Waltham went on strike for ii days when their wages were cut. In 1824, workers in Pawtucket went on strike to protest reduced pay rates and longer hours, the latter of which had been accomplished by cut dorsum the corporeality of time allowed for meals. Similar strikes occurred at Lowell and in other factory towns such as Dover, New Hampshire, where the women employed by the Cocheco Manufacturing Company ceased working in December 1828 afterwards their wages were reduced.

In the 1830s, female person mill operatives in Lowell formed the Lowell Manufactory Girls Association to organize strike activities in the face of wage cuts and, after, established the Lowell Female Labor Reform Clan to protest the twelve-hour workday. They distributed legislative petitions, formed labor organizations, contributed essays and articles to pro-labor newspapers, and protested through turn-outs or strikes. Even though strikes were rarely successful and workers ordinarily were forced to accept reduced wages and increased hours, piece of work stoppages as a grade of labor protest represented the beginnings of the labor motion in the United States.

Constitution of the Factory Girls Association in Lowell, Massachusetts, 1836: This is the constitution of the Labor Reform Association of Lowell's female textile workers, drafted in 1836.

The Growth of the Cotton fiber Industry

Eli Whitney's invention of the cotton gin in 1793 resulted in massive growth in the cotton industry in the American South.

Learning Objectives

Depict the economic and political effects of Eli Whitney's cotton gin

Cardinal Takeaways

Key Points

• With the invention of Eli Whitney 's cotton gin in 1793, cotton became a tremendously profitable manufacture, creating many fortunes for white plantation owners in the antebellum South.
• The cotton gin (brusque for "cotton engine") was a auto that apace and hands separated cotton fiber fibers from their seeds, a chore that otherwise had to be performed painstakingly by hand, most often by slaves.
• Cotton fiber soon became the main consign in the United states and by 1860, on the eve of the Civil War, the southern states were providing two-thirds of the world'southward supply of cotton.
• The textile boom in New England created an of import domestic market for cotton wool producers. Cotton plantations depended on slave labor, and as a event of the boom in this industry, slavery increased dramatically in the early nineteenth century.
• Due to its profound effect on American slavery, the growth of the cotton fiber industry is frequently cited equally one of the causes of the American Civil State of war.

Key Terms

• Eli Whitney: An American inventor all-time known for inventing the cotton fiber gin.
• cotton gin: A auto that quickly and easily separates cotton fibers from their seeds, a chore that otherwise must be performed painstakingly by hand.

Cotton in the South

In the antebellum era—that is, in the years before the Civil War—American planters in the South continued to grow Chesapeake tobacco and Carolina rice every bit they had in the colonial era. Cotton wool, however, emerged as the antebellum South's major commercial crop, eclipsing tobacco, rice, and sugar in economic importance.

The Cotton Gin

In 1793, Eli Whitney revolutionized the production of cotton fiber when he invented the cotton fiber gin, a device that separated the seeds from raw cotton. Suddenly, a procedure that was extraordinarily labor-intensive when done by hand could be completed rapidly and hands. The cotton gin (brusque for "cotton fiber engine") apace and hands separated cotton fibers from their seeds, a job that otherwise had to be performed painstakingly by mitt—nigh often by slaves. Whitney's introduction of "teeth" in his cotton fiber gin to comb out the cotton and separate the seeds revolutionized this procedure.

With the invention of Whitney's cotton fiber gin, cotton became a tremendously profitable industry, creating many fortunes in the antebellum Southward. American plantation owners, who were searching for a successful staple crop to compete on the world market, found it in cotton.

A cotton fiber gin on display at the Eli Whitney Museum: The invention of the cotton gin revolutionized the material manufacture in the early on nineteenth century and transformed the economy of the Due south.

Domestic and International Markets

As a commodity, cotton had the advantage of existence hands stored and transported. A demand for it already existed in the industrial textile mills in Great Britain, and in time, a steady stream of slave-grown American cotton would also supply northern textile mills. Southern cotton, picked and processed by American slaves, helped fuel the nineteenth-century Industrial Revolution in both the United States and Not bad Britain.

New Orleans, Louisiana, and Galveston, Texas, were aircraft points that derived substantial economical benefit from cotton wool raised throughout the South. Cotton soon became the master export in the United States, and by 1860, on the eve of the Civil War, the southern states were providing 2-thirds of the world's supply of cotton.

Additionally, the development of large-scale mills and metallic machine tools dramatically increased textile production in northern mill towns in the early 1800s. Though cotton fiber was primarily grown for export to Europe, this textile boom in New England created an important domestic market for southern cotton producers.

Cotton, Slavery, and the Ceremonious State of war

Due to its profound upshot on American slavery, the growth of the cotton fiber industry is frequently cited as i of the causes of the American Civil War. The number of slaves rose in concert with the increase in cotton production, increasing from approximately 700,000 in 1790 to roughly 3.two 1000000 in 1850. A congressional ban on the importation of slaves from Africa in 1808 simply increased the demand for domestic slaves on cotton plantations, hindering the piece of work of abolitionists who sought to end slavery. The domestic slave trade exploded, providing economic opportunities for whites involved in many aspects of the merchandise and increasing the possibility of slaves' dislocation and separation from kin and friends.

Slave market in Atlanta, Georgia, 1864: This image depicts the site of a slave market in Atlanta in 1864. The cotton wool industry in the South was fully dependent on the institution of slavery.

A Communications Revolution

The United states experienced a communication revolution in in the early 1800s, during which the penny press and the electrical telegraph emerged.

Learning Objectives

Identify two central components in the nineteenth century's communications revolution

Key Takeaways

Primal Points

• Prior to the development of the penny printing, newspapers primarily serviced the business organization community and served as tools for political propaganda.
• In 1833, the first penny paper, the Sun, was founded in New York. Penny papers were the offset papers to target working and middle class audiences.
• While most newspapers were controlled past political parties and reported a party line, penny papers, known for their sensational journalism, were politically independent. In 1836, Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail invented the electric telegraph and the Morse code signaling alphabet, allowing for the wired advice of messages using electric signals.
• Improved communication systems fostered the evolution of business, economics, and politics by allowing for dissemination of news at a speed previously unknown.

Key Terms

• Electrical Telegraph: A blazon of communication that uses electrical signals, usually conveyed via telecommunication lines or radio.

Advances in forms of communications profoundly expanded in the United States during the early 1800s. The penny printing and the electrical telegraph were among the innovations that emerged during this communications revolution.

Newspapers

In the early 1800s, newspapers were largely meant for the elite. They generally took ii forms: mercantile sheets intended for the concern community, which independent send schedules, wholesale product prices, advertisements, and some strange news; and political newspapers, which were controlled past political parties or their editors as a means of sharing their views with elite stakeholders. Journalists reported the party line and editorialized in favor of party positions.

Mass product of inexpensive newspapers became possible due to the shift from handcrafted printing to steam-powered printing. In 1833, the first "penny paper," the Sun, was founded in New York. Penny papers—specifically targeting the working class urban population—chop-chop became widespread. The cheap sensationalized news sources covered crime, tragedy, adventure, and gossip, and these newspapers easily shifted allegiance on political issues. The changes made during the Penny Printing era set the standards for all future newspapers, and those standards are still implemented today.

The New York Herald Penny Press, 1861: The penny printing revolutionized journalism in the 1830s.

Electrical Telegraph

In 1836, Samuel Morse and Alfred Vail developed an electrical telegraph capable of transmitting text letters over long distances using wire. Together, they developed the Morse code signaling alphabet system.

In 1843, the U.Due south. Congress appropriated $30,000 to fund an experimental telegraph line from Washington, D.C., to Baltimore, Maryland. In May of 1844, Morse made the kickoff public sit-in of his telegraph, sending the famous message, "What hath God wrought?" The Morse-Vail telegraph was quickly deployed in the post-obit two decades. Improved advice systems fostered the evolution of business organisation, economics, and politics by allowing for dissemination of news at a speed previously unknown.

Source: https://courses.lumenlearning.com/boundless-ushistory/chapter/the-market-revolution/

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